Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Hypoglycemia Perspectives Questionnaire in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Hypoglycemia Perspectives Questionnaire (HPQ) assessing experience and perceptions of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods HPQ was administered to adults with T2DM in a clinical sample from Cyprus (HYPO-Cyprus, n = 500) and a community sample in the United States (US, n = 1257) from the 2011 US National Health and Wellness Survey. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Analysis of HPQ data from two convenience samples examined item performance, factor structure, and HPQ measurement properties (reliability, convergent validity, known-groups validity). Results Analyses supported three HPQ domains: symptom concern (six items), compensatory behavior (five items), and worry (five items). Internal consistency was high for all three domains (all >= 0.75), supporting reliability. Convergent validity was supported by moderate Spearman correlations between HPQ domain scores and the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19) total score. Patients with recent hypoglycemia events had significantly higher HPQ scores, supporting known-group validity. Conclusions HPQ may be a valid and reliable measure capturing the experience and impact of hypoglycemia and useful in clinical trials and community-based settings.