Impact of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the summertime atmospheric circulation

[1] Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and other observations, we show that the summer high-latitude climate in the Northern Hemisphere is influenced by the NAO of the previous winter. We find this influence in the summertime surface air temperature, the geopotential height, the sea surface temperature (SST), sea-ice/continental snow cover extent fields as well as in the zonal mean geopotential height and zonal wind fields. This summertime NAO signal is annular but its meridional scale is much smaller than the winter annular mode. Distinct summer anomalies are located at the nodal latitudes of the winter anomalies. We suggest that the sea-ice, SST and snow cover anomalies provide the memory allowing the winter NAO to affect the summer climate.