Resolving whether botanic gardens are on the road to conservation or a pathway for plant invasions

被引:33
|
作者
Hulme, Philip E. [1 ]
机构
[1] Lincoln Univ, Bioprotect Res Ctr, Christchurch, New Zealand
关键词
alien; biological invasions; exotic; naturalization; ornamental; plant conservation; propagule pressure; red list; risk assessment; weeds; conservacion de plantas; evaluacion de riesgo; exotico; extranjero; invasiones biologicas; lista roja; maleza; naturalizacion; presion de propagulo; BENEFITS; RISKS; TIME;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.12426
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
A global conservation goal is to understand the pathways through which invasive species are introduced into new regions. Botanic gardens are a pathway for the introduction of invasive non-native plants, but a quantitative assessment of the risks they pose has not been performed. I analyzed data on the living collections of over 3000 botanic gardens worldwide to quantify the temporal trend in the representation of non-native species; the relative composition of threatened, ornamental, or invasive non-native plant species; and the frequency with which botanic gardens implement procedures to address invasive species. While almost all of the world's worst invasive non-native plants occurred in one or more living collections (99%), less than one-quarter of red-listed threatened species were cultivated (23%). Even when cultivated, individual threatened species occurred in few living collections (7.3), while non-native species were on average grown in 6 times as many botanic gardens (44.3). As a result, a botanic garden could, on average, cultivate four times as many invasive non-native species (20) as red-listed threatened species (5). Although the risk posed by a single living collection is small, the probability of invasion increases with the number of botanic gardens within a region. Thus, while both the size of living collections and the proportion of non-native species cultivated have declined during the 20th century, this reduction in risk is offset by the 10-fold increase in the number of botanic gardens established worldwide. Unfortunately, botanic gardens rarely implement regional codes of conduct to prevent plant invasions, few have an invasive species policy, and there is limited monitoring of garden escapes. This lack of preparedness is of particular concern given the rapid increase in living collections worldwide since 1950, particularly in South America and Asia, and highlights past patterns of introduction will be a poor guide to determining future invasion risks. Resolver Si los Jardines Botanicos Estan Encaminados a la Conservacion o Si Son una Via para la Invasion de Plantas Un objetivo global de la conservacion es entender los medios por los cuales las especies invasoras son introducidas a regiones nuevas. Los jardines botanicos son una via para la introduccion de plantas invasoras no-nativas, pero no se ha realizado una evaluacion cuantitativa de los riesgos que presentan. Analice datos de las colecciones vivientes de mas de 3000 jardines botanicos a nivel mundial para cuantificar la tendencia temporal de representacion de especies no-nativas, la composicion relativa de las especies de plantas amenazadas, ornamentales o invasoras, y la frecuencia con la que los jardines botanicos implementan procedimientos para lidiar con especies invasoras. Mientras que casi todas las especies no-nativas de plantas invasoras a nivel global se encuentran en una o mas colecciones vivientes (99%), menos de un cuarto de las especies amenazadas que aparecen en la lista roja son cultivadas (23%). Incluso cuando son cultivadas, las especies amenazadas individuales se encuentran en pocas colecciones vivientes (7.3), mientras que las especies no-nativas se cultivan en promedio en seis veces mas jardines botanicos (44.3). Como resultado, un jardin botanico podria, en promedio, cultivar cuatro veces el numero de especies no-nativas invasoras (20) que de especies amenazadas que aparecen en la lista roja (5). Aunque el riesgo que presenta una sola coleccion viviente es pequeno, la probabilidad de invasion incrementa con el numero de jardines botanicos dentro de una region. Asi, mientras el tamano de las colecciones vivientes y la proporcion de especies no-nativas que son cultivadas han declinado a lo largo del siglo XX, la reduccion en el riesgo no se presenta debido al incremento diez veces mayor en el numero de jardines botanicos que se establecen a nivel mundial. Desafortunadamente, los jardines botanicos rara vez implementan codigos de conducta regionales para prevenir la invasion de plantas, pocos tienen una politica de especies invasoras y hay un monitoreo limitado de escapes del jardin. Esta falta de preparacion es de preocupacion particular dado el rapido incremento de colecciones vivientes en el mundo desde 1950, particularmente en America del Sur y Asia, y resaltar los patrones anteriores de introduccion sera un metodo pobre para determinar riesgos futuros de invasion. Resumen
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页码:816 / 824
页数:9
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