In this essay I first provide an analysis of various community concepts. Second, I evaluate two of the most serious challenges to the existence of communities-gradient and paleoecological analysis respectively-arguing that, properly understood, neither threatens the existence of communities construed interactively. Finally, I apply the same interactive approach to ecosystem ecology, arguing that ecosystems may exist robustly as well.
机构:
Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USACarnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
Casman, Elizabeth A.
Gernand, Jeremy M.
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机构:
Penn State Univ, Dept Energy & Mineral Engn, Environm Hlth & Safety Engn, State Coll, PA 16801 USACarnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA