Robust subsurface monitoring using a continuous and controlled seismic source

Monitoring injected CO2 is a crucial problem for reliable operation of carbon dioxide capture and storage projects. Since monitoring interval of existing seismic monitoring is limited, identifying sudden change in CO2 storage sites is difficult. To improve temporal resolution and repeatability, we applied seismic monitoring using a continuous and controlled source, referred to as the ACROSS. In particular, we monitored shallow subsurface through surface-wave analysis to investigate the feasibility of ACROSS-based monitoring for identifying CO2 leakage. High accuracy and temporal resolution in our monitoring results indicated the potential to identify change in surface waves associated with CO2 leakage. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.