The air hunger response of four elite breath-hold divers

Normal subjects terminate breath-holds due to intolerable 'air hunger'. We hypothesize that competitive breath-hold divers might have increased tolerance of air hunger. We tested the air hunger (AH) response of four divers who could hold their breath for 6-9 min. Tidal volume and respiratory rate were controlled by mechanical ventilation (ventilation approximate to 0.16L min(-1) kg(-1)). AH was induced by raising P-CO2 and rated using a visual analog scale whose maximum was defined as intolerable. SpO(2) was maintained at >97%. Three divers reported the same uncomfortable urge to breathe as normal subjects; the slopes of their responses were within normal range. Both resting CO2 and AH threshold were shifted to higher CO2 in some divers. Diver 3 was unique amongst neurologically intact subjects we have studied: he denied feeling an urge to breathe, and denied discomfort. We conclude that elite divers' strategies to tolerate intense air hunger are a minor factor in their ability to tolerate long breath-holds. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.