The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand

All known Late Quaternary fossil avifaunas derived, at various times during the last century, from cave, swamp and dune deposits in Southland, South Island, New Zealand, are described. Fifty eight native bird species are recorded from the deposits, notably including the fourth record of Dendroscansor decurvirostris. The few leiopelmatid and sphenodontid bones are also Bated. Taphonomic biases Limit comparison of faunal compositions across site-types to moas. However, the moa faunas reveal that quite different avifaunas Lived in each of the dunes, alluvial swamplands and the well-drained low hills, which probably reflects different vegetation communities in each. Southland supported a mosaic of grassland, shrubland and tail, closed-canopy podocarp forest during the Holocene. Radiocarbon dates on bone gelatin are presented that indicate the fauna of Castle Rocks is of Late-Holocene age, the fauna from Hamiltons Swamp at Winton is of mid-Holocene age, and that from Kauana is >37 080 years old. It is the oldest swamp fauna so far identified in New Zealand.