Enhancement of TGF-β Signaling Responses by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Arkadia Provides Tumor Suppression in Colorectal Cancer

TGF-beta signaling provides tumor protection against colorectal cancer (CRC). Mechanisms that support its tumor-suppressive properties remain unclear. The ubiquitin ligase Arkadia/RNF111 enhances TGF-beta signaling responses by targeting repressors of the pathway for degradation. The corepressors SnoN/Ski, critical substrates of Arkadia, complex with the activated TGF-beta signaling effectors Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) on the promoters of target genes and block their transcription. Arkadia degrades this complex including pSmad2/3 and unblocks the promoter. Here, we report that Arkadia is expressed highly in the mouse colonic epithelium. Heterozygous Akd(+/-) mice are normal but express less Arkadia. This leads to reduced expression of several TGF-beta target genes, suggesting that normal levels of Arkadia are required for efficient signaling responses. Critically, Akd(+/-) mice exhibit increased susceptibility to azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate carcinogen-induced CRC, as they develop four-fold more tumors than wild-type mice. Akd(+/-) tumors also exhibit a more aggressive pathology, higher proliferation index, and reduced cytostasis. Therefore, Arkadia functions as a tumor suppressor whose peak expression is required to suppress CRC development and progression. The accumulation of nuclear SnoN and pSmad2, along with the downregulation of TGF-beta target genes observed in Akd(+/-) colon and tumors, suggest that tumor-suppressing properties of Arkadia are mediated by its ability to derepress TGF-beta signaling. Consistent with this likelihood, we identified mutations in primary colorectal tumors from human patients that reduce Arkadia function and are associated with the accumulation of nuclear SNON. Collectively, our findings reveal that Arkadia enhances TGF-beta signaling responses and supports its tumor-suppressing properties in CRC. Cancer Res; 71(20); 6438-49. (C) 2011 AACR.