Relationship between Geometric Elements and Wrong-Way Crashes at Partial Cloverleaf Interchange Terminals

Wrong-way driving (WWD) is a major traffic safety hazard at interchange terminals. By By definition, WWD comprises two main elements: 1) driving movements against the main direction of traffic flow along high-speed, - physically-divided highways (i.e., freeways, expressways, and interstate highways), and 2) accidentally entering a freeway system in the wrong direction from the access, Y on and off ramps of the highways (i.e., executing a U-turn on the freeway mainline, crossing the median through an emergency turnaround, or entering from an exit ramp).(1,2) Past studies suggested partial cloverleaf (parclo) interchanges are highly susceptible to WWD movements, particularly when exit ramps and entrance ramps are closely spaced together due to their geometric features(3).