Aconitine: A review of its pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, toxicology and detoxification

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aconitine, a C19-norditerpenoid alkaloid, derives from many medicinal plants such as Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Chinese:), Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb (Chinese:(sic)), which were used to rheumatic fever, painful joints and some endocrinal disorders.& nbsp;Aims of the review: The present paper reviews research progress relating to the pharmacokinetics, physiological and pathological processes of aconitine, while some promising research direction and the detoxification of aconitine are also discussed.& nbsp;Materials and methods: The accessible literature on aconitine, from 1990 to 2020, obtained from published materials of electronic databases, such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer and Google Scholar was systematically analyzed.& nbsp;Results: In this review, we address the pharmacokinetics of aconitine, as well as its pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, immunoregulation, analgesic, insecticide and inhibition of androgen synthesis. Further, we summarize the toxicity of aconitine such as cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity, on which we strikingly focus on the ways to reduce the toxicity of aconitine based.& nbsp;Conclusions: Aconitine plays an vital role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and we can reduce the toxicity of aconitine by compatibility and hydrolysis. Although some issues still exist, such as the correlative relationship between the dose and toxicity of aconitine not being clear, our review may provide new ideas for the application of aconitine in the treatment of related diseases.