Toward 3D-TRUS image-guided interstitial brachytherapy for cervical cancer

PURPOSE: To qualitatively and quantitatively analyze needle visibility in combined intracavitary and interstitial cervical cancer brachytherapy on 3D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in comparison to gold standard MRI. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Image acquisition was done with a customized TRUS stepper unit and software (Medcom, Germany; Elekta, Sweden; ACMIT, Austria) followed by an MRI on the same day with the applicator in place. Qualitative assessment was done with following scoring system: 0 = no visibility 1 (= poor), 2 (= fair), 3 (= excellent) discrimination, quantitative assessment was done by measuring the distance between each needle and the tandem two centimeters (cm) above the ring and comparing to the respective measurement on MRI. RESULTS: Twenty-nine implants and a total of 188 needles (132 straight, 35 oblique, 21 free-hand) were available. Overall, 79% were visible (87% straight, 51% oblique, 76% free-hand). Mean visibility score was 1.4 +/- 0.5 for all visible needles. Distance of the visible needles to tandem was mean +/- standard deviation (SD) 21.3 millimeters (mm) +/- 6.5 mm on MRI and 21.0 mm +/- 6.4 mm on TRUS, respectively. Difference between MRI and TRUS was max 14 mm, mean +/- SD -0.3 mm +/- 2.6 mm 11% differed more than 3 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Straight needles were better detectable than oblique needles (87% vs. 51%). Detectability was impaired by insufficient rotation of the TRUS probe, poor image quality or anatomic variation. As needles show a rather indistinct signal on TRUS, online detection with a standardized imaging protocol in combination with tracking should be investigated, aiming at the development of real time image guidance and online treatment planning. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Brachytherapy Society.