Immune cell profile of dental pulp tissue treated with zoledronic acid

Aim To characterize the pulp immune cell profile in the teeth of rats treated with zoledronic acid (ZA). Methodology Male Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) received four intravenous infusions of ZA at doses of 0.04, 0.20 or 1.00 mg kg(-1) ZA or saline (control). On the 70th experimental day, they were euthanized. The first right molar was examined microscopically and submitted to toluidine blue reaction and immunohistochemical for CD68, tumour necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and IL-1 beta binding protein (IL-1 beta bp). The presence of ectasic/dilated vessels and inflammatory cells was analysed, and mast cells and mononuclear CD68-positive cells were counted along with the intensity of immunostaining (0-3) for inflammatory markers in odontoblasts and nonodontoblasts pulp cells. The Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's test (scores or quantitative data) and the chi-squared test (categorical data) were used (GraphPad Prism 5.0, P < 0.05). Results There was no differences in the number of animals exhibiting dilated/ectasic blood vessels (P = 0.242) and inflammatory cells (P = 0.489) or in the number of mast cells (P = 1.000). However, there was an increase in mononuclear CD68-positive cells (P = 0.026), immunostaining of TNF- (P = 0.020), IL-1 (P = 0.027) and iNOS (P = 0.001) in odontoblasts, and IL-1 (P = 0.013) in nonodontoblast pulp cells dose-dependently. NF kappa B (nucleus and cytoplasm) and IL-1 beta bp did not differ between groups. Conclusion ZA modified the immune cell profile in the dental pulp, increasing the number of macrophages and expression of pro-inflammatory markers independent of NF kappa B.