Consanguinity and Diabetes in Saudi Population: A Case-Control Study

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) of both types is a genetically determined disorder and is prevalent in the Saudi population. Furthermore, the rate of consanguineous marriages is also high among Saudis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of consanguinity among people with DM and investigate the effect of consanguinity on the occurrence of diabetes at different levels. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrine Center of King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in January 2021. Information on patients' demographics (age, gender), family history of DM, and presence of consanguinity, and degree of consanguineous marriage were collected. Results: We included 324 people with DM, 143 (44.1%) with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and 181 (55.9%) with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We included 201 people without DM for T1DM control and 300 people for T2DM control. The mean age was 26.6 +/- 11.1 years for the T1DM group and 57.8 +/- 11.6 years for the T2DM group. Consanguinity was noted among 73 (51.4%) T1DM patients, but T1DM was not significantly related to consanguinity. T2DM was significantly correlated with consanguinity (r=0.132, p=0.004) particularly among patients with a degree of consanguinity as first-cousins for both paternal and maternal sides (odds ratio [OR]=1.151 and 1.476). Gender and positive family history for DM and consanguineous marriage between cousins were significant factors for T2DM. After controlling for gender and a positive family history of DM, consanguineous marriage between cousins from both the paternal and maternal sides remained significant. Conclusion: T2DM occurrence increases in presence of consanguinity in the Saudi population. This relationship might contribute to the higher risk of DM prevalence. Further studies are needed to elucidate this relationship deeply. It's unclear whether lowering consanguineous marriages would decrease the prevalence of diabetes or not. However, a clear message about this correlation has to be delivered to the public.