There is an urgent need for a global rural health research agenda

People living in rural areas generally experience adverse health outcomes compared to their urban counterparts. They experience a greater burden of non-communicable diseases including: diabetes, hypertension, stroke, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have limited access to healthcare services, and experience scarcity in specialized healthcare services. The disproportionately high all-cause mortality experienced by rural residents has been termed "the rural mortality penalty". With over 90% of the world's rural population living in Africa and Asia, we argue that the lack of an authoritative and respected global rural health research agenda contributes to increasing health inequalities, given that many of these people are receiving substandard care. There are differences in how rural and urban resident's experience healthcare. Living in rural settings might not be systematically connected to adverse health outcomes. It is important to clearly articulate the positive health outcomes associated with living in rural settings (e.g., the positive relationship between mental health and strong social ties/green spaces). Indeed, health policies stand the chance of unconsciously excluding the positive outcomes associated with rurality, as well as the rural experiences of health. Defining rural health remains an issue of controversy with a persistent reality regarding the lack of consensus as to what it means for a region or area to be considered as "rural". We outline the most common definitions of "rural areas" in the literature, as well as the shortcomings of these definitions. By unpacking the meaning of "rural health", we aim to foster communication among rural health professionals and researchers locally and internationally, as well as highlight the key research and policy implications that could emanate from a "good" definition of rural health. We agree that context remains key when it comes conceptualizing complex subjects like rurality. However, developing minimum criteria to foster communication among rural health researchers is needed. Systematically providing operational definitions of what authors describe as "rural" in the rural health research and policy literature is of utmost relevance.