Rural-Urban Differences in Surgical Procedures for Medicare Beneficiaries

Objective: To determine whether Medicare beneficiaries in rural areas were less likely to undergo a variety of surgical procedures compared with their urban counterparts. Design, Setting, and Patients: Cross-sectional study of Medicare beneficiaries. Main Outcome Measure: Any incidence of the surgical procedures studied. Results: Compared with urban Medicare beneficiaries, rural Medicare beneficiaries were more likely to undergo a broad array of surgical procedures: 35% more likely for carotid endarterectomy (odds ratio [OR]=1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-1.38), 32% for lumbar spine fusion (OR=1.32; 95% CI, 1.29-1.35), 30% for knee replacement surgery (OR=1.30; 95% CI, 1.28-1.31), 28% for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (OR=1.28; 95% CI, 1.24-1.31), 22% for prostatectomy (OR=1.22; 95% CI, 1.19-1.24), 19% for hip replacement surgery (OR=1.19; 95% CI, 1.17-1.21), 18% for aortic valve replacement (OR=1.18; 95% CI, 1.14-1.21), 16% for open reduction and internal fixation of the femur (OR=1.16; 95% CI, 1.14-1.18), and 15% for appendectomy (OR=1.15; 95% CI, 1.11-1.19). To determine whether these differences could be explained by known confounding variables, we then used logistic regression to adjust for age, sex, race/ethnicity, median household income, average house value, mean poverty ratio, and state of residence. Rural beneficiaries were still more likely to undergo all of these surgical procedures. Conclusions: Medicare beneficiaries living in rural areas were more likely to undergo a broad array of surgical procedures compared with those living in urban areas. While allaying some concern about rural access to surgical procedures, the uniformity of these results raises concern that people living in rural areas may have an overall poorer quality of health.