Given the widespread use and well-known consequences of achievement goals in different competence-relevant situations, it is important to gain a thorough understanding of how these differences in goal pursuit are formed. Using different analytic approaches, we show that birth order lies at the heart of people's goal preferences as we consistently found that firstborns have developed a preference for mastery goals (which are based on self-referenced standards of competence), whereas secondborns have developed a preference for performance goals (which are based on other-referenced standards of competence). These findings may help explain why people differently define, experience, and respond to competence-relevant situations, including the workplace, the classroom, and the ball field. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Litt, Jonathan S.
Taylor, H. Gerry
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Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Taylor, H. Gerry
Margevicius, Seunghee
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Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Margevicius, Seunghee
Schluchter, Mark
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Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Schluchter, Mark
Andreias, Laura
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Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Andreias, Laura
Hack, Maureen
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Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USAHarvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA