Analysis of marine mammal bycatch in the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery operating in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

Bycatch is one of the main causes of human-caused mortality and population decline of many marine mammals. Monitoring bycatch is the first step to understand the impact of the fisheries on the species affected. Understanding how the interaction between marine mammals and fishing operations varies in space and time, and how it is influenced by environmental variables, is essential for designing mitigation strategies to reduce bycatch mortality. In this paper, we use data gathered by scientific observers and a fishing skipper to analyse marine mammals bycatch by the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery operating in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean from 1996 to 2007. The total bycatch per unit effort (Bcpue) was 0.0150 marine mammals/1000 hooks and the highest values (similar to 0.2) were recorded between 37 degrees-38 degrees S and 49 degrees-51 degrees W. Total cetacean Bcpue during the study period was low (0.0051 cetacean/1000 hooks) and occurred between 32 degrees-37 degrees S and 46 degrees-54 degrees W. Generalized additive models showed that cetaceans' bycatch was mainly affected by the depth, sea surface temperature, and season. Although cetaceans were captured year-round, the highest values were registered in spring months, most bycatch events occurred over the continental slope (median = 619 m) and in waters with a median temperature of 19.78 degrees C. The bycatch of pinnipeds was influenced by depth, location, and season. Pinniped bycatch occurred mainly in winter, in waters ranging from 80 to 5000 m of depth (median = 2366 m) between 34 degrees-37 degrees S (median = 35.9 degrees S) and 54 degrees-49 degrees W (median = 51.8 degrees W). The spatial analysis showed that most bycatch events occurred within the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence zone, an area of high productivity where the pelagic longline fleet concentrates its fishing effort and where marine mammals probably concentrate to feed.