Trends, Challenges, and Recent Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy is considered one of the widely used smart analytical solutions for many electrochemical and biomedical applications. Recently, many research studies have been deployed to provide optimum system design architectures for biomedical and point-of-care diagnostic products. This letter introduces a supportive guide for readers to figure out trends, challenges, and recent advances in state-of-the-art electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, starting from the excitation signal generator that allows producing the corresponding electrical signal from the sensor. Then, readout analog front-end architectures, based on the extracted electrical signal, are presented. At the end of the signal chain, data analysis mechanisms are discussed and followed by concluding the authors' recommendations for different macros.