Objective quantification of trochlear dysplasia: Assessment of the difference in morphology between control and chronic patellofemoral instability patients

Background: Trochlear dysplasia is an important risk factor associated with patellofemoral instability, but it remains difficult to classify with consistency. Currently there is no objective way to quantify the dysplasia. The purpose of this study is to define and quantify objectively the trochlear morphology by volume and length via computed tomography (CT). Methods: One-hundred control patients (136 knees) were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 36 consecutive patients (72 knees) who were treated surgically for recurrent patellar instability and known trochlear dysplasia based on a lateral radiograph. Trochlear morphology was analyzed from a pre-operative CT and data presented as trochlear sulcus volume trochlear length. To determine where along the trochlear length dysplasia is most variable, the trochlear length was radiographically divided into thirds, volume was quantified along that section and compared to control trochlear. Results: A significant difference in trochlear morphology exists between cohorts, volume (1.98 vs 3.77 cm(3)) and length (31.97 vs 34.66 mm) (p < 0.05). However, there appears to be a gender based difference in trochlea morphology. The trochlea volumetric analysis between the female cohorts (L: 2.02 cm(3) vs. 2.94 cm(3), R: 1.95 cm(3) vs. 2.93 cm(3)) demonstrated significantly less volume in instability patients (p < 0.001). The proximal third of the trochlear contributed the majority of dysplasia difference determined by comparing mean trochlear volume, 95% of the difference. This difference decreased in distal sections, 53% and 32% respectively. Conclusion: This reproducible technique can be used to quantify the trochlea morphology, in order to describe the severity of a dysplasia. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.