Endoscopic Ear Surgery: Past and Future

Purpose of Review Summarizing the main steps that have led the endoscope to become one of the established tools in otological and neurotological surgery and evaluating the possible future applications of this device. Recent Findings Many are the features of the endoscope that are being improved. First the quality of the images, thanks to the introduction of 4K technology and the earliest 3D endoscopes, then the employment of robotic surgery with endoscope holders that ideally combine the endoscopic benefits with a two-handed technique. Nowadays the endoscope is both used as the sole instrument and as an adjunct to the operative microscope for both ear and lateral skull base surgery. Thanks to courses and conventions this technique has spread worldwide, so many young surgeons have become proficient in both the operative microscope and endoscope and able to choose the appropriate treatment tool. However, further technological advancements are to be advocated.