Geological and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bengge gold deposit in the Yidun Terrane, SE Tibet

The Bengge gold deposit is one of a small number of deposits in the Zhongdian-Muli region, which is part of the southern segment of the Yidun Terrane in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The deposit is hosted in a Late Triassic alkaline igneous complex comprising mainly biotite-pyroxene syenite and quartz syenite, emplaced into Triassic slate. These syenites show phyllic alteration with mineral association of quartz-sericite-pyrite-carbonate. The main gold mineralization occurs in fault zones as gold-sulfide-quartz veins, in altered syenite as telluride in veinlets, and as fissure-filling gold in disseminated pyrite. Four stages of veins are recognized: sheeted K-feldspar-quartz-magnetite veins (dikes) (stage I), quartz-carbonate-K-feldspar veins with sericite-quartz-pyrite alteration haloes (stage II), polymetallic sulfide-telluride-sericite-quartz veins with pervasive phyllic alteration (stage III), and quartz-carbonate-stibnite veins (stage IV). The stage II and III veins are closely related to gold mineralization. 40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal sericites from the phyllic alteration zone, which are intergrown with gold-bearing pyrite and telluride, yielded an age of similar to 126 Ma, indicating the mineralization event occurred in the Cretaceous extensional setting. Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry study for fluid inclusions in quartz from stage II revealed heterogeneous trapping of low-salinity (0.14-6.63 wt% NaCl equivalent) and mesothermal (270-300 degrees C) CO2-H2O-NaCl ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. The calculated fluid-trapping pressures range mainly from 750 to 850 bar. delta O-18 values of quartz from the gold mineralization stage (stage II) vary between 15.21 parts per thousand and 19.35 parts per thousand. The delta O-18 values for waters in equilibrium with quartz vary from 6.96 parts per thousand to 10.73 parts per thousand, which are consistent with values for magmatic waters. We propose that the auriferous fluids were derived from an underlying intrusion during the Cretaceous. The geological characteristics, low salinity, and mesothermal CO2-H2O-NaCl fluids, and the magmatic source of the ore-forming fluids, all support the hypothesis that the Bengge deposit is an intrusion-related gold deposit. The Bengge gold deposit is one of a small number of deposits in the Zhongdian-Muli region, which is part of the southern segment of the Yidun Terrane in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The deposit is hosted in a Late Triassic alkaline igneous complex comprising mainly biotite-pyroxene syenite and quartz syenite, emplaced into Triassic slate. These syenites show phyllic alteration with mineral association of quartz-sericite-pyrite-carbonate. The main gold mineralization occurs in fault zones as gold-sulfide-quartz veins, in altered syenite as telluride in veinlets, and as fissure-filling gold in disseminated pyrite. Four stages of veins are recognized: sheeted K-feldspar-quartz-magnetite veins (dikes) (stage I), quartz-carbonate-K-feldspar veins with sericite-quartz-pyrite alteration haloes (stage II), polymetallic sulfide-telluride-sericite-quartz veins with pervasive phyllic alteration (stage III), and quartz-carbonate-stibnite veins (stage IV). The stage II and III veins are closely related to gold mineralization. 40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal sericites from the phyllic alteration zone, which are intergrown with gold-bearing pyrite and telluride, yielded an age of similar to 126 Ma, indicating the mineralization event occurred in the Cretaceous extensional setting. Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry study for fluid inclusions in quartz from stage II revealed heterogeneous trapping of low-salinity (0.14-6.63 wt% NaCl equivalent) and mesothermal (270-300 degrees C) CO2-H2O-NaCl ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. The calculated fluid-trapping pressures range mainly from 750 to 850 bar. delta O-18 values of quartz from the gold mineralization stage (stage II) vary between 15.21 parts per thousand and 19.35 parts per thousand. The delta O-18 values for waters in equilibrium with quartz vary from 6.96 parts per thousand to 10.73 parts per thousand, which are consistent with values for magmatic waters. We propose that the auriferous fluids were derived from an underlying intrusion during the Cretaceous. The geological characteristics, low salinity, and mesothermal CO2-H2O-NaCl fluids, and the magmatic source of the ore-forming fluids, all support the hypothesis that the Bengge deposit is an intrusion-related gold deposit.