RETRACTED: Phospholipid bilayers are viscoelastic (Retracted article. See vol. 108, pg. 14705, 2011)

Lipid bilayers provide the structural framework for cellular membranes, and their character as two-dimensional fluids enables the mobility of membrane macromolecules. Though the existence of membrane fluidity is well established, the nature of this fluidity remains poorly characterized. Three-dimensional fluids as diverse as chocolates and cytoskeletal networks show a rich variety of Newtonian and non-Newtonian dynamics that have been illuminated by contemporary rheological techniques. Applying particle-tracking microrheology to freestanding phospholipid bilayers, we find that the membranes are not simply viscous but rather exhibit viscoelasticity, with an elastic modulus that dominates the response above a characteristic frequency that diverges at the fluid-gel (L(alpha) - L(beta)) phase-transition temperature. These findings fundamentally alter our picture of the nature of lipid bilayers and the mechanics of membrane environments.