Evolution of the Diurnal Precipitation Cycle with the Passage of a Madden-Julian Oscillation Event through the Maritime Continent

Changes in the diurnal precipitation cycle as the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) propagates through the Maritime Continent are investigated to explore the processes behind seaward-propagating precipitation northeast of New Guinea. Satellite rainfall estimates from TRMM 3B42 and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique(CMORPH) are combined with simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a horizontal resolution of 4 km. Comparison with 24-h rain gauge measurements indicates that both satellite estimates and the WRF Model exhibit systematic biases. Despite these biases, the changing patterns of offshore precipitation with the passage of the MJO show good consistency between satellite estimates and the WRF Model. In the few days prior to the main MJO envelope, light background wind, relatively clear skies, and an increasingly moist environment promote favorable conditions for the diurnal precipitation cycle. Two distinct processes are identified: 100-200 km from the coast, precipitation moves offshore as a squall line with a propagation speed of 3-5 m s(-1). Farther offshore, precipitation propagates with a speed close to 18 m s(-1) and is associated with an inertia-gravity wave generated by diurnally oscillating heating from radiative and moist convective processes over the land. A gravity wave signature is evident even after the MJO active period when there is little precipitation. By correcting for the background flow perpendicular to the coast, potential temperature anomalies for the lead-up, active, and follow-on MJO periods are shown to collapse to a remarkably invariant shape for a given time of day.