Refinements for footwall red-bed diagenesis in the sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits model

The emplacement of copper in sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits requires the circulation of a low-temperature chloride-rich brine in rift-filling footwall red beds, probably driven by meteoric recharge in adjacent highlands. The descending oxygen-rich meteoric water may become saline (probably by leaching of foot- wall evaporites or possibly by mixing with brines draining down from contemporaneous evaporite pans) and evolve toward a moderately oxidized brine as oxygen is consumed during the diagenetic reddening of the initially nonred coarse-grained clastic rift sediments. Under these conditions, the pore solution attains its maximum ability, to leach and transport trace amounts of copper from the red beds. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits may form where the brine crosses a redox boundary into reduced sulfide-rich gray beds. With further consumption of oxygen during reddening, the brine may become highly reduced and able to take iron into solution, possibly explaining synsediment-hosted stratiform copper iron-oxide alterations and deposits. The timing of copper deposition is clearly linked to the diagenetic reddening of miniature footwall sediments in rift basins, a process considered to extend over millions of years.