The role of classroom goal structure in students' use of self-handicapping strategies

Some students purposefully use self-handicapping strategies (e.g., procrastinating, fooling around, getting involved in many activities) so that these circumstances, rather than lack? of ability, will be seen as the cause if subsequent performance is low. The aim of the present study was to determine whether we could reliably assess fifth grade students' reports of their use of self-handicapping strategies and to examine individual- and classroom-level predictors of self-handicapping. Surveys were given to 646 fifth-grade students. The handicapping items formed a single factor with good internal consistency. Handicapping varied significantly across classrooms. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found that boys used handicapping more than girls did and students' grade point average and perceived academic competence were negatively related to handicapping. Students' perceptions of an emphasis on relative ability in the classroom (ability goal structure) as well as teachers' reported use of instructional practices that highlight relative ability were positively related to handicapping. Implications for practice are discussed.