Winter carbon dioxide effluxes from Arctic ecosystems: An overview and comparison of methodologies

被引:53
|
作者
Bjorkman, Mats P. [1 ]
Morgner, Elke [2 ,3 ]
Cooper, Elisabeth J. [2 ]
Elberling, Bo [3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ]
Klemedtsson, Leif [1 ]
Bjork, Robert G. [1 ,7 ]
机构
[1] Univ Gothenburg, Dept Plant & Environm Sci, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
[2] Univ Tromso, Fac Biosci Fisheries & Econ, Dept Arctic & Marine Biol, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
[3] Univ Ctr Svalbard, Dept Arctic Biol, Longyearbyen, Norway
[4] Univ Ctr Svalbard, Dept Arctic Geol, Longyearbyen, Norway
[5] Univ Ctr Svalbard, Dept Arctic Technol, Longyearbyen, Norway
[6] Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geog & Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
[7] Univ Orebro, Sch Sci & Technol, Orebro, Sweden
关键词
CO2; PRODUCTION; FROZEN SOIL; SNOW DEPTH; VEGETATION TYPE; ALPINE TUNDRA; ICE LAYERS; RESPIRATION; FLUXES; N2O; EMISSION;
D O I
10.1029/2009GB003667
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The winter CO(2) efflux from subnivean environments is an important component of annual C budgets in Arctic ecosystems and consequently makes prediction and estimations of winter processes as well as incorporations of these processes into existing models important. Several methods have been used for estimating winter CO(2) effluxes involving different assumptions about the snowpack, all aiming to quantify CO(2) production. Here, four different methods are compared and discussed: (1) measurements with a chamber on the snow surface, F(snow), (2) chamber measurements directly on the soil, F(soil), after snow removal, (3) diffusion measurements, F(2-point), within the snowpack, and (4) a trace gas technique, F(SF6), with multiple gas sampling within the snowpack. According to measurements collected from shallow and deep snow cover in High Arctic Svalbard and subarctic Sweden during the winter of 2007-2008, the four methods differ by up to two orders of magnitude in their estimates of total winter emissions. The highest mean winter CO(2) effluxes, 7.7-216.8 mg CO(2) m(-2) h(-1), were observed using F(soil) and the lowest values, 0.8-12.6 mg CO(2) m(-2) h(-1), using F(SF6). The F(snow) and F(2-point) methods were both within the lower range, 2.1-15.1 and 6.8-11.2 mg CO(2) m(-2) h(-1), respectively. These differences result not only from using contrasting methods but also from the differences in the assumptions within the methods when quantifying CO(2) production and effluxes to the atmosphere. Because snow can act as a barrier to CO(2), F(soil) is assumed to measure soil production, whereas F(SF6), F(snow), and F(2-point) are considered better approaches for quantifying exchange processes between the soil, snow, and the atmosphere. This study indicates that estimates of winter CO(2) emissions may vary more as a result of the method used than as a result of the actual variation in soil CO(2) production or release. This is a major concern, especially when CO(2) efflux data are used in climate models or in carbon budget calculations, thus highlighting the need for further development and validation of accurate and appropriate techniques.
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页数:10
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