mRNA of the pro-apoptotic gene BBC3 serves as a molecular marker for TNF-α-induced islet damage in humans

TNF-alpha plays important roles in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In light of this, we examined the involvement of a pro-apoptotic gene, BBC3 (also known as PUMA), in TNF-alpha-mediated beta cell dysfunction and destruction in human islets. Human islets were exposed in vitro to TNF-alpha alone or in combination with IFN-gamma. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR using a set of single islets. Protein abundance and cellular localisation of BBC3 were assessed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. A marginal number of islets were transplanted into diabetic NODscid mice to correlate in vivo islet function with BBC3 expression. BBC3 and IL8 mRNA were upregulated in TNF-alpha-stimulated islets in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced through addition of IFN-gamma, but not upregulated by IFN-gamma alone. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TNF-alpha in combination with IFN-gamma upregulated basal BBC3 abundance in the cytoplasm of beta cells along with the perinuclear clustering of mitochondria partially co-localised with BBC3. TNF-alpha alone did not induce beta cell death, but did abrogate preproinsulin precursor mRNA synthesis in response to high glucose stimulation, which was inversely associated with upregulation of BBC3 mRNA expression by TNF-alpha. Higher BBC3 mRNA expression in islets correlated with decreased graft function in vivo. These results suggest that BBC3 mRNA can serve as a molecular marker to detect early TNF-alpha-induced beta cell stress and may help identify islet-protective compounds for the treatment of diabetes.