A 219-to-231 GHz Frequency-Multiplier-Based VCO With ∼3% Peak DC-to-RF Efficiency in 65-nm CMOS

Signal sources at mm-wave and (sub-)terahertz frequencies in CMOS can be classified into two broad categories: harmonic oscillators and oscillators that are based on the frequency multiplication of fundamental sources. This paper shows that frequency-multiplier-based sources potentially have a higher dc-to-RF efficiency than do the popular harmonic oscillators in 65-nm CMOS. To improve the power efficiency of CMOS signal sources that operate near or above the cutoff frequency of the device, design factors including the harmonic current efficiency, the effective output conductance, and the passive losses should be carefully tailored. An architecture is proposed in which: 1) the core voltage-controlled oscillator is optimized to efficiently generate a strong fundamental harmonic; 2) separate class-C frequency doublers are utilized to decouple fundamental signal generation and harmonic extraction and to reduce conductance loss; and 3) doubler circuits are separately optimized to simplify the output matching and power combining network, and hence avoid long and lossy transmission lines. A circuit prototype shows a measured peak output power and dc-to-RF efficiency of 3 dBm and 2.95%, respectively.