Estimating population growth of grizzly bears from the Flathead River drainage using computer simulations of reproduction and survival rates

Using survival and reproduction data obtained from radio-tracking 23 adult female, 24 subadult female, 49 yearling, and 44 cub grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Flathead River drainage of British Columbia and Montana, we estimated the finite rate of population increase (<(lambda)over cap>) from 1979 to 1994 at 1.085 +/- 0.026, with approximate to 95% confidence limits of 1.032-1.136. Estimated annual survival rates were 0.946 +/- 0.026 for adult females, 0.931 +/- 0.038 for subadult females, 0.944 +/- 0.039 for yearlings, and 0.867 +/- 0.050 for cubs (rates for cubs and yearlings represented both sexes). The estimated annual reproduction rate and age at first parturition were 0.422 +/- 0.042 female cubs per female and 6.44 +/- 0.45 years, respectively. We found that uncertainty in <(lambda)over cap> was mostly attributable to uncertainty in survival rates (76.7%), with subadult (47.5%) and adult (21.9%) survival contributing the largest portions. These results indicated that to reduce uncertainty in (lambda)over cap>, further research on grizzly bears in our study area should focus on improving estimates of adult and subadult female survivorship. Other demographic variables are not as important in estimating the grizzly bear population trend in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage.