Electrically Heated Electrodes: Practical Aspects and New Developments

This article comprehensively reviews a selected subfield of thermoelectrochemistry, which bases upon joule-heated working electrodes. Both directly and indirectly heated electrodes are considered. In all cases, an electric current (AC or DC) is used to elevate the electrode temperature during the electrochemical processes. The development of joule-heated electrodes started as early as 1966 and was greatly accelerated by Grundler et al. since 1993. However, during the last 5 years the development became even faster, when other groups started to contribute novel approaches and designs on how to implement electrically heated electrodes in capillary electrophoreses and spectroelectrochemistry. To date there are more than 90 publications on heated electrodes.