Performance-driven muscle-based facial animation

We describe a system to synthesize facial expressions by editing captured performances. For this purpose, we use the actuation of expression muscles to control facial expressions. We note that there have been numerous algorithms already developed for editing gross body motion. While tire joint angle has direct effect on the configuration of the gross body, the muscle actuation has to go through a complicated mechanism to produce facial expressions. Therefore, rue devote a significant part of this paper to establishing the relationship between muscle actuation and facial surface deformation. We model the skill surface using the finite element method to simulate the deformation caused by expression muscles. Then toe implement the inverse relationship, Muscle actuation parameter estimation, to find the muscle actuation values from the trajectories of the markers on the performer's face. Once the forward and inverse relationships are established, retargeting or editing a performance becomes an easy job. We apply the original performance data to different facial models with equivalent muscle structures, to produce similar expressions. We also produce novel expressions by deforming the original data curves of muscle actuation to satisfy the key-frame constraints imposed by animators. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.