Nanoelectrochemical architectures for high-spatial-resolution single cell analysis

The analysis of single cells instead of cell populations is important for characterizing cellular heterogeneity and elucidating the cellular signalling pathways. Nanoelectrodes have emerged as an increasingly important tool for biomolecule analyses at the single-cell level with high spatial or temporal resolution. Various electrochemical methods, such as amperometry and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), have been applied. Research to date has focused on the development of new nanoelectrochemical architectures, such as arrays, to achieve higher spatial resolution and faster analysis rates for single-cell analysis. In this review, the fabrication of these new nanoelectrochemical architectures and their applications in high spatial resolution single-cell analyses are discussed. The recent progress of Chinese researchers is highlighted.