Cardiac Ultrasound for the Nephrologist: Know Thy Heart to Know Thy Kidneys

Kidney disease patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It can be challenging to adequately assess their cardiovascular status based on physical examination alone. Cardiac ultrasound has proven to be a powerful tool to accomplish this objective and is increasingly being adopted by noncardiologists to augment their skills and expedite clinical decision-making. With the advent of inexpensive and portable ultrasound equipment, simplified protocols, and focused training, it is becoming easier to master basic cardiac ultrasound techniques. After a short course of training in focused cardiac ultrasound, nephrologists can quickly and reliably assess ventricular size and function, detect clinically relevant pericardial effusion and volume status in their patients. Additional training in Doppler ultrasound can extend their capability to measure cardiac output, right ventricular systolic pressure, and diastolic dysfunction. This information can be instrumental in effectively managing patients in inpatient, office, and dialysis unit settings. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance and feasibility of incorporating cardiac ultrasound in nephrology practice, discuss the principles of basic and Doppler ultrasound modalities and their clinical utility from a nephrologist's perspective. Q 2021 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.