Endothelial glycocalyx damage during endotoxemia coincides with microcirculatory dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress

The glycocalyx constitutes the first line of the blood tissue interface and is thus involved in many physiological processes, deregulation of which may lead to microvascular dysfunction. Because administration of LIPS is accompanied by severe microvascular dysfunction, the purpose of the study was to investigate microvascular glycocalyx function during endotoxemia. Bolus infusion of LPS (10 mg kg(-1)) to male Sprague-Dawley rats elicited the development of hyporeactivity to vasoactive agents and microvascular derangements, including decreased capillary density and significant increases in intermittent and stopped flow capillaries in the small intestine muscularis layer compared with controls. LIPS elicited plasma hyluronan release and reduction in endothelial surface thickness, indicative of glycocalyx degradation. Because endothelial glycocalyx is extremely sensitive to free radicals, oxidative stress was evaluated by oxidation of dihydrorhodamine in microvascular beds and levels of heart malondialclehyde and plasma carbonyl proteins, which were all increased in LPS-treated rats. Activated protein C (240 mu g kg(-1) h(-1)) enhanced systemic arterial pressure response to norepinephrine in LPS-treated rats. Activated protein C (240 mu g kg(-1) h(-1)) prevented capillary perfusion deficit in the septic microvasculature that were associated with reduced oxidative stress and preservation of glycocalyx. Our findings support the conclusion that LPS induces major microcirculation dysfunction accompanied by microvascular oxidative stress and glycocalyx degradation that may be limited by activated protein C treatment.