A large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models

Atmospheric carbon dioxide increased at a rate of 2.8 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year(-1)) during 1988 to 1992 (1 Pg = 10(15) grams). Given estimates of fossil carbon dioxide,emissions, and net oceanic uptake, this implies a global terrestrial uptake of 1.0 to 2.2 Pg C year(-1). The spatial distribution of the terrestrial carbon dioxide uptake is estimated by means of the observed spatial patterns of the greatly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide data set available from 1988 onward, together with two atmospheric transport models, two estimates of the sea-air flux, and an estimate of the spatial distribution of fossil carbon dioxide emissions. North America is the best constrained continent, with a mean uptake of 1.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C year(-1), mostly south of 51 degrees north. Eurasia-North Africa is relatively weakly constrained, with a mean uptake of 0.1 +/- 0.6 Pg C year(-1). The rest of the world's land surface is poorly constrained, with a mean source of 0.2 +/- 0.9 Pg C year(-1).