Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia

被引:170
|
作者
Harrison, Rhett D. [1 ,2 ]
Sreekar, Rachakonda [3 ,4 ]
Brodie, Jedediah F. [5 ,6 ]
Brook, Sarah [7 ]
Luskin, Matthew [8 ]
O'Kelly, Hannah [7 ]
Rao, Madhu [9 ,10 ]
Scheffers, Brett [11 ]
Velho, Nandini [12 ,13 ]
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Bot, Key Lab Plant Divers & Biogeog East Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, Peoples R China
[2] World Agroforestry Ctr, East & Southern Africa Reg, 13 Elm Rd, Lusaka, Zambia
[3] Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, Peoples R China
[4] Univ Adelaide, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
[5] Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
[6] Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
[7] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Cambodia Program, POB 1620,House 21,St 21, Phenom Penh, Cambodia
[8] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, 130 Mulford Hall,3114, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[9] Wildlife Conservat Soc, SE Asia Program, 14 Sci Dr 4, Singapore 11743, Singapore
[10] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, 14 Sci Dr 4, Singapore 11743, Singapore
[11] Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
[12] James Cook Univ, Ctr Trop Environm & Sustainabil Sci, Cairns, Qld 4878, Australia
[13] James Cook Univ, Coll Marine & Environm Sci, Cairns, Qld 4878, Australia
关键词
bushmeat; defaunation; enforcement; extinction; extirpation; overexploitation; tropical forest; wild meat; wildlife trade; aplicacion; bosque tropical; carne de animales silvestres; carne silvestre; defaunacion; extincion; extirpacion; mercado de vida silvestre; sobreexplotacion; ARUNACHAL-PRADESH; CONSERVATION; WILDLIFE; BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABILITY; DEFAUNATION; PERSISTENCE; RECOVERY; DRIVERS; SARAWAK;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.12785
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals (>1 kg), bar a few hunting-tolerant species. To document hunting impacts on vertebrate populations regionally, we conducted an extensive literature review, including papers in local journals and reports of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Evidence from multiple sites indicated animal populations declined precipitously across the region since approximately 1980, and many species are now extirpated from substantial portions of their former ranges. Hunting is by far the greatest immediate threat to the survival of most of the region's endangered vertebrates. Causes of recent overhunting include improved access to forests and markets, improved hunting technology, and escalating demand for wild meat, wildlife-derived medicinal products, and wild animals as pets. Although hunters often take common species, such as pigs or rats, for their own consumption, they take rarer species opportunistically and sell surplus meat and commercially valuable products. There is also widespread targeted hunting of high-value species. Consequently, as currently practiced, hunting cannot be considered sustainable anywhere in the region, and in most places enforcement of protected-area and protected-species legislation is weak. The international community's focus on cross-border trade fails to address overexploitation of wildlife because hunting and the sale of wild meat is largely a local issue and most of the harvest is consumed in villages, rural towns, and nearby cities. In addition to improved enforcement, efforts to engage hunters and manage wildlife populations through sustainable hunting practices are urgently needed. Unless there is a step change in efforts to reduce wildlife exploitation to sustainable levels, the region will likely lose most of its iconic species, and many others besides, within the next few years. Impactos de la Caza sobre los Bosques del Sureste Asiatico Aunque la deforestacion y la degradacion de los bosques han sido consideradas durante largo tiempo como las amenazas mas significativas para la biodiversidad tropical, a lo largo del sureste asiatico (noreste de India, Indochina, Sondalandia, Filipinas) hay areas sustanciales de habitat natural que tienen algunos animales silvestres (>1 kg), excluyendo a algunas especies tolerantes a la caza. Para documentar los impactos regionales de la caza sobre las poblaciones de vertebrados realizamos una revision extensiva de la literatura, incluyendo articulos de revistas locales y reportes de agencias gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. La evidencia de los multiples sitios indico que las poblaciones animales declinaron precipitosamente en la region desde aproximadamente 1980 y que muchas especies ahora estan extirpadas de porciones sustanciales de sus extensiones previas. La caza es por mucho la mayor amenaza inmediata para la supervivencia de la mayoria de los vertebrados en peligro de la region. Las causas del exceso reciente de caza incluyen el acceso mejorado a los bosques y a los mercados, tecnologia mejorada de caza, productos medicinales derivados de la vida silvestre y los animales silvestres como mascotas. Aunque los cazadores generalmente toman a especies comunes, como los cerdos y las ratas, para su propio consumo, tambien toman especies raras de manera oportuna y venden la carne excedente y los productos de valor comercial. Tambien existe una extensa caza enfocada en especies de alto valor. En consecuencia, como es practicada actualmente, la caza no puede considerarse sustentable en ningun lugar de la region y en la mayoria de las localidades la aplicacion de la legislacion de areas y especies protegidas es debil. El enfoque de la comunidad internacional sobre el mercado transfronterizo falla en abordar la sobreexplotacion de la vida silvestre porque la caza y la venta de la carne salvaje son en general un asunto local y la mayoria es consumida en las aldeas, pueblos rurales y ciudades cercanas. Ademas de una aplicacion mejorada, los esfuerzos por involucrar a los cazadores y por manejar las poblaciones de vida silvestre por medio de practicas de caza sustentable son una necesidad urgente. A menos que haya un cambio de paso en los esfuerzos por reducir la explotacion de la vida silvestre a niveles sustentables, la region probablemente pierda la mayoria de sus especies iconicas, ademas de muchas otras, en el transcurso de los proximos anos. Resumen
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页码:972 / 981
页数:10
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