Beach showers as sources of contamination for sunscreen pollution in marine protected areas and areas of intensive beach tourism in Hawaii, USA

被引：30

作者：

Downs, C. A. ^{[1
]}

Diaz-Cruz, M. Silvia ^{[2
]}

White, William T. ^{[3
]}

Rice, Marc ^{[4
]}

Jim, Laura ^{[4
]}

Punihaole, Cindi ^{[5
]}

Dant, Mendy ^{[6
]}

Gautam, Krishna ^{[7
]}

Woodley, Cheryl M. ^{[8
]}

Walsh, Kahelelani O. ^{[4
]}

Perry, Jenna ^{[4
]}

Downs, Evelyn M. ^{[1
]}

Bishop, Lisa ^{[9
]}

Garg, Achal ^{[10
]}

King, Kelly ^{[11
]}

Paltin, Tamara ^{[11
]}

McKinley, Ellen B. ^{[11
]}

Beers, Axel I. ^{[11
]}

Anbumani, Sadasivam ^{[7
,12
]}

Bagshaw, Jeff ^{[13
]}

机构：

[1] Haereticus Environm Lab, POB 92, Clifford, VA 24533 USA

[2] Spanish Council Sci Res CSIC, Inst Environm Assessment & Water Res IDAEA, Severo Ochoa Excellence Ctr, Dept Environm Chem, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[3] Hale Kea Farms, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA

[4] Hawaii Preparatory Acad, 65-1692 Kohala Mt Rd, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA

[5] Kahaluu Bay Educ Ctr, Kohala Ctr, POB 437462, Kamuela, HI USA

[6] Fair Wind Cruises, Kailua Kona, HI 96740 USA

[7] CSIR Indian Inst Toxicol Res, Regulatory Toxicol Grp, Ecotoxicol Lab, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31,Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

[8] US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Hollings Marine Lab,Coral Dis & Hlth Program, Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA

[9] Friends Hanauma Bay, POB 25761, Honolulu, HI 96825 USA

[10] Chemists Borders, Sacramento, CA 95835 USA

[11] Maui Cty Council, 200 S High St, Wailuku, HI 96793 USA

[12] Acad Sci & Innovat Res AcSIR, Ghaziabad 201002, India

[13] Hawaii Div Forestry & Wildlife, 685 Haleakala Hwy, Kahului, HI 96732 USA

来源：

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS | 2022年 / 438卷

关键词：

Oxybenzone; Benzophenone-3; Octocrylene; Risk assessment; Coral reef; Octisalate; Octinoxate; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; WASTE-WATER TREATMENT; GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; UV-FILTERS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION; CARRYING-CAPACITY; SURFACE WATERS; MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS;

D O I：

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129546

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

In 2019, sands in nearby runoff streams from public beach showers were sampled on three islands in the State of Hawaii and tested for over 18 different petrochemical UV filters. Beach sands that are directly in the plume discharge of beach showers on three of the islands of Hawaii (Maui, Oahu, Hawai'i) were found to be contaminated with a wide array of petrochemical-based UV-filters that are found in sunscreens. Sands from beach showers across all three islands had a mean concentration of 5619 ng/g of oxybenzone with the highest concentration of 34,518 ng/g of oxybenzone at a beach shower in the Waikiki area of Honolulu. Octocrylene was detected at a majority of the beach shower locations, with a mean concentration of 296.3 ng/g across 13 sampling sites with the highest concentration of 1075 ng/g at the beach shower in Waikiki. Avobenzone, octi-noxate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and benzophenone-2 were detected, as well as breakdown products of oxybenzone, including benzophenone-1, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 4-hydroxybenzophe-none. Dioxybenzone (DHMB) presented the highest concentration in water (75.4 ng/mL), whereas octocrylene was detected in all water samples. Some of these same target analytes were detected in water samples on coral reefs that are adjacent to the beach showers. Risk assessments for both sand and water samples at a majority of the sampling sites had a Risk Quotient > 1, indicating that these chemicals could pose a serious threat to beach zones and coral reef habitats. There are almost a dozen mitigation options that could be employed to quickly reduce contaminant loads associated with discharges from these beach showers, like those currently being employed (post-study sampling and analysis) in the State of Hawaii, including banning the use of sunscreens using petrochemical-based UV filters or educating tourists before they arrive on the beach.

引用

页数：16

共 3 条

[1] Differences in perception and reaction of tourist groups to beach marine debris that can influence a loss of tourism revenue in coastal areas
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[2] Planning Tourism in Protected Natural Areas: Safety, Soft Law and Conflict Management between Beach Users. The Case of Surf in Aljezur, Portugal
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[3] Investigating the distribution and regional occurrence of anthropogenic litter in English marine protected areas using 25 years of citizen-science beach clean data
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