Understory vegetation response to alternative silvicultural systems in coastal British Columbia montane forests

This study is one of several investigating the biological effects of silvicultural systems at the Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS) project located on Vancouver Island in British Columbia (BC). We compared understory vegetation cover and diversity under four silvicultural systems (clearcutting, patch cutting, dispersed retention, and shelterwood) to an adjacent old-growth forest. Long-term plots were measured pre-harvest and at intervals up to 26 years post-harvest. We also compared vegetation response to fertilization and vegetation control treatments. All harvesting resulted in a short-term reduction in understory cover from logging debris and ground disturbance. Recovery from disturbance varied by species, life-form and system. Understory tree species returned to pre-harvest cover after 15 years and significantly exceeded initial cover after 26 years. Shrubs returned to pre-harvest cover after 5-10 years and continued to increase in most systems. Herb cover was low in the pre-harvest forest but increased rapidly in years three through 10 due to herbaceous colonizers; this was least pronounced in the shelterwood. Herbs have declined rapidly since year fifteen. Forest floor bryophytes were reduced to less than 5% cover in all systems except the shelterwood and they remain at one-third or less of their pre-harvest cover. The shelterwood retained more stand structure and plant species from the original old-growth forest than other systems immediately after logging, except for the retained patches. All the harvesting treatments increased species richness and diversity compared to the pre-harvest forest. The increase in total species and abundance was highest for year 15 when early-seral colonizers were still present, and many pre-harvest species had returned. By year 26, richness and diversity began to decrease as early-seral species were lost. For overall species diversity of vascular plants and forest floor bryophytes, silvicultural system did not have an effect after 26 years. All the late-seral herbs that occur at MASS were present after harvesting but several were locally eliminated or had reduced abundance in cut areas. We found no significant edge effects into retention patches, which had comparable species richness and diversity to the pre-harvest old growth-suggesting that aggregated retention can be effective for maintaining late-seral species. Silvicultural system had more significant long-term effects on shrubs and bryophytes than early vegetation control.