Transition from Childhood Nocturnal Enuresis to Adult Nocturia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Current literature has suggested a relationship between nocturnal enuresis (NE) in childhood and the development of nocturia later in life as both disorders have similar underlying etiologies, comorbidities, and treatments. The objective was to synthesize the available evidence on the association between childhood NE and later presentation of nocturia. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between January 1980 and April 2021. Case-control and cohort studies that reported on childhood NE and current nocturia were included. The PRISMA protocol was followed (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021256255). A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Risk of bias was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria and with a funnel plot. Results: Of the 278 articles identified, 8 studies met inclusion criteria. The 6 case-control and 2 prospective cohort studies resulted in a total sample size of 26,070 participants. In a random-effect pooled analysis, childhood NE was significantly associated with the development of nocturia (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.11-2.40). Significant heterogeneity (I-2 = 92.7%, p < 0.01) was identified among the included studies, which was reflected in an asymmetrical funnel plot. NE and nocturia have similar underlying etiologies of hormonal abnormalities, sleep disorders, physiological disorders, and psychological disorders. Conclusion: The history of childhood NE is significantly associated with nocturia later in life. The data in this meta-analysis support this transition and identify potential similarities between the two disorders. The sparse number of articles relevant to this topic is a strong indicator of the need for more work on this transition from childhood to maturity. More studies are warranted to further explore the association between NE and nocturia.