Communication technologies and security challenges for internet of things: A comprehensive review

'Internet of things' (IoT) realize a network of millions of connected devices like sensors, actuators and transceivers. Being a composite system, IoT must deal with the associated problems while meeting throughput, latency, energy consumption, and security criteria. In this work, wireless technologies have been classified based on the mechanisms of physical layer, media access control layer, and network layer. The fundamentals of wireless communication and all the non-trivial interests associated with these three layers are summarized with respect to the criteria imposed by IoT. Various security threats at these layers and vulnerabilities of the standards against such attacks have also been listed out. To mitigate these problems, instead of relying on any one particular solution, more emphasis is given on the integrated approach where layer-wise solutions are provided. Thereafter, a brief analysis of the available wireless communication standards and their salient features are discussed. Research scope and challenges in IoT applications ranging from low power, low data rate, short range to extended coverage are identified, followed by possible directions to be taken. Additionally, the third generation partnership project for low-power wide area solutions to meet the IoT requirements are analyzed in detail. (C) 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.