Demand Peak Reduction of Smart Buildings Using Feedback-Based Real-Time Scheduling of EVs

Rapid urbanization leads to increasing electricity demand. The intraday high and low electricity consumption patterns further increase challenges for grid operation. This article proposes a real-time strategy to minimize peak demand of a building by optimally scheduling the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) with bidirectional power transfer. The strategy also incorporates rooftop photovoltaics (PVs) in reducing the power consumption of the building. In this article, the randomness of PV output is handled using scenario modeling under a rolling time-horizon framework, where feedback regarding EV mobility is also utilized in real time. In addition, the degradation of EV batteries is limited by controlling the charging/discharging cycles required for peak reduction. To provide incentives for contributing to peak reduction, a cooperative game is presented, wherein the EVs are conceptualized to work in a coalition with the building's energy management system. The payoffs in the game are decided based on the power extraction of EVs from the building combined with degradation costs incurred by individual EVs. The results demonstrate up to 40% reduction in demand peaks and 25% reduction in energy costs using the proposed energy management methods.