Investigation of the hydraulic conductivity of an unsaturated compacted bentonite/claystone mixture

A pre-compacted MX80 bentonite/Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone mixture has been proposed as a candidate sealing material in a French deep geological repository for high-level radioactive waste. An in-depth understanding of the hydraulic property of this material is essential for accessing the over-pack corrosion and nuclide migration along the gallery. In this study, water flow in the compacted bentonite/claystone mixture was investigated by carrying out infiltration and water retention tests under constant-volume conditions alongside detailed microstructure observation. The evolution of total water hydraulic conductivity with suction was experimentally determined based on the instantaneous profile method. It was observed that the measured total hydraulic conductivity increased slowly at high suctions, then quickly at low suctions and finally approached the saturated value. A new method was developed based on the evolving pore structure, accounting for both vapour and liquid-water hydraulic conductivities. The total hydraulic conductivity predicted by the proposed method agreed well with the measured value, indicating the reliability of the predictive method. The vapour hydraulic conductivity was larger than the liquid-water one at a suction larger than 15 center dot 2 MPa, while liquid-water hydraulic conductivity became dominant at a suction lower than 15 center dot 2 MPa. In addition, based on the predicted vapour and liquid-water hydraulic conductivities, a numerical model was set up to simulate the water infiltration process. Comparison between the simulation and the measurement showed close agreement, validating the two-phase water flow mechanism in the bentonite/claystone mixture.