Blockage of the IDO1 pathway by charge-switchable nanoparticles amplifies immunogenic cell death for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), poor immunogenicity, and low tumor penetration markedly reduce the capability of tumor immunotherapy. To address these challenges, we successfully engineered acidity-triggered nanoparticles (NPs) with size reduction and charge switchable features to boost tumor immunotherapy based on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 siRNA (IDO1 siRNA) and immuno-genic cell death (ICD). The NPs significantly augmented tumor penetrating ability and improved cellular uptake via the detachment of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride-grafted poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lysine) copolymer (mPEG-PLL-DMA, PLM) from large-sized NPs with a negative charge. Subsequently, the NPs with a positive charge and small size rapidly escaped from the lysosomes and released mitoxantrone (MIT) and IDO1 siRNA. The antitumor immune response of IDO1 siRNA and MIT provided good antitu-mor capability by enhancing DC maturation, improving the number of CTLs, and downregulating the level of Tregs in tumor tissues. In summary, the results demonstrated that charge-switchable NPs based on the blockage of the IDO1 pathway and ICD activation induce an efficient antitumor immune response, thus showing high potential for treating primary/distant tumors and reducing metastasis. Statement of significance Acidity-triggered nanoparticles (NPs) with size reduction and charge reversal to boost tumor im-munotherapy based on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 siRNA (IDO1 siRNA) and immunogenic cell death (ICD) were engineered. NPs augmented tumor penetrating ability and improved cellular uptake through the detachment of mPEG-PLL-DMA (PLM) from the large-sized MIT/siR-PLM/PPA NPs with negative charge to expose miniature and positively charged MIT/siR-PPA NPs. The NPs rapidly escaped from the lysosome and sequentially released mitoxantrone (MIT) and IDO1 siRNA. The antitumor synergistic effect of in-hibiting the IDO1 pathway by IDO1 siRNA and inducing ICD by MIT provided good antitumor capability by enhancing DC maturation, improving the number of CTLs, and downregulating the level of Tregs in tu-mor tissues. Thus, the NPs showed a promising pathway against aggressive and difficult-to-treat cancers. (c) 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.