Effect of sun exposure versus oral vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in young adults: A randomized clinical trial

Background: Vitamin D inadequacy is associated with a wide range of diseases. However, optimal strategies to improve vitamin D status, especially in Asian populations, remain unclear. We tested the hypotheses that (1) relevant sun exposure or oral vitamin D supplementation would significantly increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (250HD) concentrations compared with placebo, (2) sun exposure and supplementary vitamin D would be similar in serum 250HD increases, and (3) the two interventions may have different effects on cardio-metabolic markers. Methods: In this 8-week randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial including vitamin D-deficient adults in Seoul (37 degrees N), Korea, changes in serum 250HD concentrations were compared between the sun exposure (daily >= 20-30 min around noon, n = 50), oral vitamin D-3 (500 IU/d, n = 50), and control (placebo, n = 50) groups. Results: Both sun exposure and oral vitamin D-3 effectively increased serum 250HD concentrations. Compared with placebo, the between-group least-squares mean (LSM) differences in changes were 2.2 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.2, 4.2) in the sun exposure group and 8.5 ng/mL (6.5, 10.5) in the oral vitamin D-3 group. Increases in serum 250HD were greater with oral vitamin D-3 than with sun exposure (LSM difference in changes = 6.3 ng/mL, 95% CI: 4.3, 8.3). More participants in the oral vitamin D-3 group (54.2%) achieved serum 250HD concentrations >= 20 ng/mL at week 8 than those in the sun exposure (12.2%) or control (4.3%) groups. Compliance with sun exposure advice was relatively low, and only those with adequate compliance had a significant increase in serum 250HD. Changes in the cardio-metabolic markers were mostly insignificant in all groups. Conclusions: Enhanced sun exposure and 500 IU/d of oral vitamin D-3 supplementation significantly increased serum 250HD concentrations. However, our protocol for sun exposure was not as effective as 500 IU/d of oral vitamin D-3 supplementation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.