'Big Clean', the 'Death Ship' and the Hazardous Waste Trade between West Germany and Turkey, 1987-1988

This article narrates the history of two high-profile West German-Turkish toxic waste scandals in 1988. It argues that they marked a watershed moment between two 'waste regimes'. The first scandal showcased to the Turkish and West German publics how waste dealers and policy makers misleadingly packaged hazardous waste exports as a substitute for traditional forms of debt and as a vehicle for economic development. The opposition it fuelled hastened the demise of this waste regime by prompting the Turkish government to enact a ban on toxic waste imports. The second scandal revealed the new regime that emerged in its aftermath - one in which waste dealers and policy makers sought to evade new restrictions in the less visible margins of a changing regulatory and legal space.