Environment, transnational labor migration, and gender: case studies from southern Yucatan, Mexico and Vermont, USA

Gender shapes the migration-environment association in both origin and destination communities. Using quantitative and qualitative data, we juxtapose these gender dimensions for a labor migrant-sending location of Mexico's southern Yucatan with those for a labor migrant-receiving location in Vermont (USA). We illustrate how in the southern Yucatan, circular transnational migration alters pasture, maize and chili production in a peasant field-forest system. Gender norms condition the land-use decisions of migratory households to keep women out of agricultural fields, but in turn may be modified in unexpected ways. With men's migration, more women assume aspects of land management, including in decision-making and supervision of hired farm labor. In comparison, in Vermont a largely male migrant labor force helps maintain an idealized, pastoral landscape with gender deeply embedded in how that labor is constructed and managed.