Effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes after exercise in hypoxia: A crossover, randomized, double-blind pilot study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on cytokine production by monocytes after exercise until exhaustion performed in hypoxia. Methods: Fifteen physically active men underwent three exercises until exhaustion with an intensity of 70% maximal oxygen intake at a simulated height of 4500 m under the following supplementation: placebo, CHO (maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min), and CHO + Gln (Gln 20 g/d for 6 d and maltodextrin 8%/200 mL for 20 min) during exercise and for 2 h of recovery. Analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey's post hoc test was realized and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Oxygen saturation of arterial blood (SaO(2)%) decreased in the three trials compared with baseline. Two hours post-exercise, the SaO(2)% was high in CHO + Gln condition compared with placebo. Two hours after exercise, interleukin (IL)-1 beta decreased compared with post-exercise in placebo and was lower compared with baseline in the CHO + Gln condition. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha decreased 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. No changes were observed in myeloperoxidase or IL-6 production. Two hours after exercise, Gln decreased compared with baseline and post-exercise in placebo and decreased 2 h after exercise in relation to post-exercise in the CHO condition. Gln increased postexercise compared with pre-exercise in the CHO + Gln condition. Although erythropoietin did not change in this condition, it was high post-exercise and 2 h after exercise in the placebo condition compared with baseline and 2 h after exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise in the CHO condition. Conclusions: Gln supplementation for 6 d before exercise, associated with CHO supplementation during exercise, was able to revert Gln reduction after exercise and after 2 h of recovery and may have contributed to reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, suggesting a possible anti-inflammatory effect of supplementation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.