Cardiovascular symptoms and signs in evaluating cardiac murmurs in children

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the usefulness of cardiovascular symptoms and signs in the recognition of significant congenital heart lesions that required surgical or catheter interventions in different pediatric age groups. Methods: A retrospective chart review was carried out of 110 patients with significant heart anomalies that required surgical or catheter interventions (group I) and 113 children, presenting with cardiac murmurs, with congenital heart conditions not requiring any interventions. (group II) Results: Clinical symptoms or signs were significantly more common in group I than in group II subjects (85% vs 32%, P < 0.0001). The odds of having significant lesions requiring interventions in the presence of either cardiovascular symptoms or signs were 37.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5 - 218.1) for neonates, 14.5 (95%CI: 4.7 - 51.7) for infants, and 8.0 (95%CI: 3.3 - 19.2) for children and adolescents. In neonates, the negative predictive values of the absence of symptoms or signs in isolation were relatively low at 64% and 65%, respectively. In children beyond infancy, the positive predictive values of the presence of symptoms or signs in isolation were also low at 62% and 68%, respectively. Conclusions: Clinical assessment of cardiovascular symptoms and signs remains useful in the evaluation of the significance of pathological cardiac murmurs in children in the present era of technology. Nonetheless, the predictive values vary with different pediatric age groups.