Effects of brine valency and concentration on oil displacement by spontaneous imbibition: An interplay between wettability alteration and reduction in the oil-brine interfacial tension

Brine fluids have recently been of high interest to enhanced oil recovery process in both academia and industry. Both diluted formation brines and specifically formulated brines were reported to improve crude oil displacement in porous rock, owing to either their bulk salinity or brine-type. Mechanisms for such an improvement were widely proposed, including microscopic interfacial phenomena: wettability alteration and reduction in the oil-brine interfacial tension (sigma), although their synergistic or inter -linked contributions were vaguely clarified. To elucidate insights into this "low-salinity " enhanced oil recovery, crude oil displacement by spontaneous imbibition was conducted in the current research with focus on the effects of brine valency and concentration. Monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) brines at elevated concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 mM) were examined as imbibing fluids. Changes in the three-phase contact angle and the crude oil-brine interfacial tension were also investigated. Imbibition results showed that NaCl brine at 'suitable' concentration (100 mM) displaced greater oil (95.8 %) than too-low (10 mM) or too-high (1000 mM) concentrations, and these monovalent brines displaced more effective than those of divalent CaCl2 due to an oil-wetting as a result of divalent ion bridging phenomenon. This echoes crucial influences of both brine valency and concentration. Since no direct individual contribution from either the contact angle or sigma on the oil displacement was obtained, an interplay between these two parameters were thought to control. The imbibition results were a capillary-dominated process (capillary number < 2.1 x 10(-6)), re-confirmed by their correlations with the calculated capillary pressures and inverse Bond numbers. The findings revealed that in a given imbibition system a required o- is a wettability-dependent: water-wet system needs high sigma to enhance a driving capillarity while oil-wet system prefers lower sigma to weaken a resisting capillary force. Brine formula directly attributed to wettability and sigma: NaCl brines secure water-wetting with high sigma while CaCl2 brines reduced sigma more effectively with an assured oil-wetting. Low-salinity enhanced oil recovery mechanism was thus found to be contributed from capillary effect, which was an interplay between the interfacial tension and wettability. Paring these two parameters by formulating imbibing brine to anticipate high oil recovery is crucial and of challenge. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.