Subsidence and carbon dioxide emissions in a smallholder peatland mosaic in Sumatra, Indonesia

Most attention in quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from tropical peatlands has been on large-scale plantations (industrial timber, oil palm (Elaeis guinensis)), differing in drainage and land-use practices from those of smallholder farms. We measured subsidence and changes in bulk density and carbon organic content to calculate CO2 emissions over 2.5years in a remnant logged-over forest and four dominant smallholder land-use types in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia: (1) simple rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) agroforest (>30years), (2) mixed coconut (Cocos nucifera) and coffee gardens (Coffea liberica) (>40years), (3) mixed betel nut (Areca catechu) and coffee gardens (>20years), and (4) oil palm plantation (1year). We quantified changes in microtopography for each site for greater accuracy of subsidence estimates and tested the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus application. All sites had a fibric type of peat with depths of 50 to >100cm. A recently established oil palm had the highest rate of peat subsidence and emission (4.7cmyear(-1) or 121MgCO(2)ha(-1)year(-1)) while the remnant forest had the lowest (1.8cmyear(-1) or 40Mg CO(2)ha(-1)year(-1)). Other land-use types subsided by 2-3cmyear(-1), emitting 70-85MgCO(2)ha(-1)year(-1). Fertilizer application did not have a consistent effect on inferred emissions. Additional emissions in the first years after drainage, despite groundwater tables of 40cm, were of the order of belowground biomass of peat forest. Despite maintaining higher water tables, smallholder landscapes have CO2 emissions close to, but above, current IPCC defaults.